On offshore trips, I sometimes hesitate before calling out a Puffinus gravis. Which is correct, GreatER Shearwater or Great Shearwater? The difference may seem minor and with either, the meaning is clear. But believe me, some folks take these details seriously and I have been corrected more than once!
Naming gets a great deal more complicated when one travels further afield or encounters seabirds with more significant naming issues than the extension or contraction of the English name. We all know about Parasitic Jaeger versus Arctic Skua, murres versus guillemots and so on. Common names come and go, sometimes providing clarity and at other times, confusion. Ultimately, the scientific name is what really matters but English names are useful for day-to-day discussion and in the field. Use of alternative names in trip reports, field guides and even specialized texts can be confusing.
In hopes of providing a little clarity, I've compiled an informal listing of some of the more confusing Procellariiformes names and in places indicate my own preferences. I should caveat this by saying that like many birders, I am woefully ignorant of naming conventions, rules of precedence and so on. Through this exercise, I hope to learn and the International Ornithological Congress English names web site seems a good place to start.
OK, so back to seabirds........
(1) New Zealand/Antipodean Albatross (Diomedea antipodensis)
Taxonomic treatments of the 'Wanderers' has always been controversial. As explained by Michael Brooke (2004), the move to separate antipodensis (nesting on Antipodes & Campbell Island, NZ) and gibsoni (nests on Auckland Islands, NZ) began in 1992 with work by Robertson and Warham and solidified in 1998 by Robertson and Nunn. Unfortunately, more recent mitochondrial DNA sequencing does not support the split leaving many authors retain the two populations as a single species but still distinct from other Wanderers. The choice of common name varies however. I lean towards New Zealand Albatross because all known nesting sites are within New Zealand territorial waters and are not limited to the Antipodes Island group.
Shirihai 2008 - treats Gibson's & Antipodean Albatrosses as separate possibly under exulans.
Silcock 2008 - (lumped together under Wandering A., NB: D. chionoptera rather than exulans)
Onley & Scofield 2007 - New Zealand Albatross
Clements 2007 - (lumped together under Wandering Albatross)
Gill & Wright 2006 - Antipodean Albatross (recognized as controversial split)
Brooke 2004 - Antipodean Albatross (antipodensis & gibsoni)
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - (lumped together under Wandering Albatross)
del Hoyo 1992 - (lumped together under Wandering Albatross)
Marchant & Higgins 1990 - (lumped together under Wandering Albatross)
Harrison 1987 - (lumped together under Wandering Albatross)
(2) Steller's/Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastris albatrus)
Not particularly controversial but occasionally one runs into the use of Steller's Albatross. Georg Wilhelm Steller was of course the German naturalist who sent albatross skins back to his sponsors in St Petersburg, Russia that he collected on his remarkable expedition to Kamchatka and Alaska. Short-tailed refers to the fact that the tail is shorter than other North Pacific species, a somewhat pedantic naming criteria and of little relevance in the field! That said, 'Short-tailed Albatross is preferred by the majority of texts and yet I can't help wondering if such a spectacular albatross doesn't deserve a more glowing epithet. At least Short-tailed is better than the Japanese name, 'Aho-dori', meaning 'stupid bird'!
Silcock 2008 - Short-tailed (Steller's) Albatross
AOU 2008 - Short-tailed Albatross
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Short-tailed Albatross
Clements 2007 - Short-tailed Albatross
Gill & Wright 2006 - Short-tailed Albatross
Birdlife International 2006 - Short-tailed Albatross
Brooke 2004 - Short-tailed Albatross
NGS 2002 - Short-tailed Albatross
Sibley 2000 - Short-tailed Albatross
AOU 1998 - Short-tailed Albatross
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Short-tailed Albatross
Inskipp et al 1996 - Short-tailed Albatross
Howell & Webb 1995 - Short-tailed Albatross
del Hoyo 1992 - Short-tailed Albatross
Harrison 1987 - Short-tailed Albatross
Harrison 1983 - Short-tailed Albatross
AOU 1957 - Short-tailed Albatross
(3) Southern/Antarctic Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus)
The pairing of a geographic name (Antarctic) and honorific (Hall's) seems awkward. Northern and Southern are not perfect and do not help in the field but seem pretty well established. Perhaps 'Red-tipped' and 'Green-tipped' would have been better?
Shirihai 2008 - Southern Giant Petrel
Remsen et al. 2008 - Southern Giant-Petrel
Silcock 2008 - Antarctic (Southern) Giant-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Southern Giant Petrel
Clements 2007 - Antarctic Giant Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Southern Giant Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Southern Giant Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Southern (Antarctic) Giant-Petrel
AOU 1998 - Antarctic Giant-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Southern Giant Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Southern Giant Petrel
Marchant & Higgins 1990 - Southern Giant-Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Southern Giant Petrel
Harrison 1983 - Southern Giant Petrel
(4) Northern/Hall's Giant Petrel (Macronectes halli)
See comments above.
Shirihai 2008 - Northern Giant Petrel
Remsen et al. 2008 - Northern Giant-Petrel
Silcock 2008 - Hall's (Northern) Giant-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Northern Giant Petrel
Clements 2007 - Hall's Giant Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Northern Giant Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Northern Giant Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Northern (Hall's) Giant-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Northern Giant Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Northern Giant Petrel
Marchant & Higgins 1990 - Northern Giant-Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Northern Giant Petrel
Harrison 1983 - Northern Giant Petrel
(5) Trindade/Trinidade/Herald Petrel (Pterodroma arminjoniana)
The name Trindade (often incorrectly rendered Trinidade) refers to the Brazilian Ilha da Trindade (-20.525°, -29.325°) in the South Atlantic and it is possible that some birds also breed on the Martin Vaz Islands (-20.5°, -28.85°) some 45 km to the east. More surveys are desperately needed. Similar birds now nest on Round Island (-19.850°, 57.783°) in the Indian Ocean and the exact relationship in controversial. There seems to be an increasing trend towards the use of Trindade to acknowledge differences from the more abundant Herald Petrel (P. heraldica) of the South Pacific.
AOU 2008 - Herald Petrel
Remsen et al. 2008 - (lumped under Herald Petrel?)
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Trinidade Petrel
Clements 2007 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
BirdLife International 2006 - Trindade Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Trindade Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Trinidade Petrel
NGS 2002 - Heral Petrel
Sibley 2000 - Herald Petrel
AOU 1998 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
del Hoyo 1992 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
Harrison 1987 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
Harrison 1983 - (lumped under Herald Petrel)
AOU 1957 - South Trinidad Petrel
Murphy 1936 - South Trinidad Petrel
(6) De Filippi's/Masatierra Petrel (Pterodroma defilippiana)
There seems to be two competing names with different approaches to the formatting. Mas a Tierra refers to the island (also called Robinson Crusoe) in the Juan Fernandez Group. The South American Checklist Committee
Remsen et al. 2008 - Masatierra Petrel
Silcock 2008 - De Filippi's Petrel
Clements 2007 - Defilippe's Petrel (note contrary spelling, typo?)
Gill & Wright 2006 - De Filippi's Petrel
Birdlife International 2006 - De Filippi's Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Defilippi's Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Masatierra (De Filippi's) Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Mas a Tierra Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Masatierra Petrel
Murphy 1936 - Mas Atierra Petrel
(7) Fea's/Cape Verde Petrel (Pterodroma feae)
Fea's has gained popularity because it recognizes the fact that these gadfly petrels nest on both the Desertas Islands (specifically Bugio) and Cape Verdes. Breeding is also suspected in the Azores but not proven. Some texts use the local (French?) name of 'Gon-gon'.
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Fea's Petrel
Clements 2007 - Cape Verde (Fea's) Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Fea's Petrel
Birdlife International 2005 - Fea's Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Fea's Petrel
NGS 2002 - Fea's Petrel
Sibley 2000 - Fea's Petrel
Mullarney et al. 2000 - Fea's Petrel
Beaman & Madge 1998 - Fea's Petrel
AOU 1998 - Fea's Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Fea's Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Cape Verde Petrel
Harrison 1987 - (lumped under Soft-plumaged Petrel)
Harrison 1983 - (lumped under Soft-plumaged Petrel)
Murphy 1936 - (lumped under Soft-plumaged Petrel)
(8) Zino's/Madeira Petrel (Pterodroma madeira)
Although geographically accurate, I am not sure Madeira Petrel has gained much traction because of the potential confusion with Madieran Storm-Petrel. Zino's Petrel recognizes Portuguese ornithologist Paul Alexander Zino (1916-2004), who initiated the study and conservation of both Pterodroma madeira and Pterodroma feae. Some texts (e.g. Lars Jonsson's Birds of Europe 1992) use the local name 'Freira'.
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Zino's Petrel
Clements 2007 - Madeira (Zino's) Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Zino's Petrel
Birdlife International 2007 - Zino's Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Zino's Petrel
Mullarney et al. 2000 - Zino's Petrel
Beaman & Madge 1998 - Zino's Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Zino's Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Madeira Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Not recognized.
(9) Cahow/Bermuda Petrel (Pterodroma cahow)
Cahow is the local name and might mimic the moaning call of breeding birds. The increased use of this over Bermuda Petrel shows respect for island heritage and provides an endorsement for on-going and urgent conservation efforts that will rely on strong and continuous support from the local community. The same reasoning applies to increasing use of 'Taiko' over Magenta Petrel in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.
AOU 2008 - Bermuda Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Cahow
Clements 2007 - Bermuda Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Cahow
Birdlife International 2006 - Bermuda Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Cahow
NGS 2002 - Bermuda Petrel
AOU 1998 - Bermuda Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Bermuda Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Bermuda Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Bermuda Petrel
Harrison 1983 - Bermuda Petrel
AOU 1957 - Bermuda Petrel
(10) Parkinson's/Black Petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni)
Named in honor of S. Parkinson, draughtsman to Sir Joseph Banks aboard HMS Endeavour (Marchant and Higgins 1990). I find Black Petrel a little confusing because all three members of the Procellaria are essentially black. Thus the name does not distinguish this species from the others. Westland Petrel (Procellaria westlandica) was originally considered conspecific with P. parkinsoni and at places is still referred to as Westland Black Petrel, a practice discouraged by Marchant & Higgins. In my view, Parkinson's works well because it is easy on the tongue/pen and is unique.
Shirihai 2008 - Black Petrel
Remsen et al. 2008 -Parkinson's Petrel
Silcock 2008 - Black (Parkinson's) Petrel
AOU 2008 - Parkinson's Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Parkinson's (Black) Petrel
Clements 2007 - Parkinson's Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Black Petrel
Birdlife International 2006 - Black Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Parkinson's Petrel
AOU 1998 - Parkinson's Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Parkinson's or Black Petrel
Heather & Robertson 1997 - Black Petrel
Howell & Webb 1995 - Parkinson's (Black) Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Black Petrel
Marchant & Higgins 1990 - Black Petrel
Harrison 1987 - Parkinson's Petrel
Harrison 1983 - Parkinson's Petrel
(11) Tropical Shearwater (Puffinus bailloni)
The splitting of P. bailloni and P. persicus, under the banner of Tropical Shearwater, away from Audubon's (P. lherminieri) was first advocated by Austin, Bretagnolle and Pasquet in 2004. Sometimes referred to as Baillon's Shearwater, a name that might return to common parlance if the need to distinguish between Indian and Ocean birds becomes generally accepted. In other words, Tropical might get divided into Baillon's and Atoll or something similar.
Silcock 2008 - Tropical Shearwater
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Tropical Shearwater
Clements 2007 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Gill & Wright 2006 - Tropical Shearwater
Brooke 2004 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
del Hoyo 1992 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Harrison 1987 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Harrison 1983 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
(12) Atoll Shearwater (Puffinus dichrous)
As discussed on Seabird-News (see here & here), this attractive name seems to have been coined by Steve Howell to describe the subdivision of Tropical Shearwaters (see above) found in the SW Pacific (dichrous) to differentiate them from populations (bailloni) in the central Indian Ocean (Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Maldives etc).
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Tropical Shearwater
Clements 2007 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Gill & Wright 2006 - Not discussed.
Brooke 2004 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
del Hoyo 1992 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Harrison 1987 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
Harrison 1983 - (lumped under Audubon's Shearwater)
(13) Macaronesian Shearwater (Puffinus baroli)
Macaronesia is a collective name for five archipelagos in the eastern North Atlantic (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands). This relatively new name to be catching on and I've not seen any significant criticism. It acknowledges the split by the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) of P. a. baroli and P. a. boydi (collectively Macaronesian Shearwater) from monotypic Audubon's Shearwater (P. lherminieri) in the North Atlantic and from southern hemishperic Little Shearwaters (Puffinus assimilis)(Sangster et al 2005). The scientific name acknowledges Carlo Barolo, either an Italian gentleman or a fine Tuscan wine. I'd better return to the cellar for some more research!
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Macaronesian Shearwater
Clements 2007 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
Gill & Wright 2006 - Macaronesian Shearwater
BOU 2005 - Macaronesian Shearwater
Brooke 2004 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
Mullarney et al. 2000 - Little Shearwater
Beaman & Madge 1998 - Little Shearwater
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
del Hoyo 1992 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
Harrison 1987 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
Harrison 1983 - (lumped under Little Shearwater)
(14) Elliot's/White-vented Storm-Petrel (Oceanites gracilis)
The species was first described in the scientific literature by Daniel G. Elliot in 1859 (Brook 2004). White-vented might cause confusion with White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Fregatta grallaria).
Remsen et al. 2008 - Elliot's Storm-Petrel
Silcock 2008 - White-vented (Elliot's) Storm-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Elliot's Storm-petrel
Clements 2007 - White-vented Storm-Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - White-vented Storm Petrel
Brooke 2004 - White-vented Storm Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Elliot's (or White-vented) Storm-Petrel
AOU 1998 - White-vented Storm-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Elliot's (or White-vented) Storm-petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Elliot's Storm-petrel
Harrison 1987 - Elliot's Storm-petrel
Harrison 1983 - Elliot's Storm-petrel
Murphy 1936 - Elliot's Storm Petrel
(15) Band-rumped/Madeiran Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma castro)
It has always surprised me that this naming schism has not been resolved in the popular literature. Band-rumped is common parlance for Northern American birders, referring mainly to sightings from the Gulf Stream, where the species is reasonably common, the Gulf of Mexico and Hawaiian chain where it breeds. Madeiran is used more by Europeans but is limited by the fact that the species is so cosmopolitan. The type specimen was taken off Desertas near Madeira and formally described by (amateur) ornithologist Edward Harcourt. The name Harcourt's Petrel is still occasionally used in print but seems to be less frequent nowadays. Some have suggested 'Madeira Petrel' as an alternative for Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) which makes more geographic sense. There is evidence for separate 'warm' and 'cold' nesting season populations at several Band-rumped/Madeiran colonies and the naming issues may get pretty interesting if these colocalized populations are elevated to subspecific or specific status or if storm-petrels in the Pacific and Atlantic are deemed distinct.
AOU 2008 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Remsen et al. 2008 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Silcock 2008 - Band-rumped (Madeiran, Harcourt's) Storm-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
Clements 2007 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Band-rumped Storm Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Madeiran Storm Petrel
NGS 2002 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Sibley 2000 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Mullarney et al. 2000 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
Beaman & Madge 1998 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
AOU 1998 - Band-rumped Storm-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Madeiran (or Band-rumped) Storm-petrel
Inskipp et al 1996 - Band-rumped Storm-petrel
Howell & Webb 1995 - Harcourt's (Band-rumped) Storm-Petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
Harrison 1987 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
Harrison 1983 - Madeiran Storm-petrel
AOU 1957 - Harcourt's Petrel
Murphy 1936 - Madeiran Storm Petrel
(16) British/European Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus)
Whilst 'British' might stroke the egos of my countrymen, it seems plain wrong. As Michael Brooke points out, Britain hosts around 85,000 pairs out of world breeding population of 526,000 pairs. 'European' seems a much better fit for a nesting range that extends from Norway and Iceland and down into the Mediterranean as far the Adriatic.
AOU 2008 - European Storm-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - European Storm-petrel
Clements 2007 - European Storm-Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - European Storm Petrel
Brooke 2004 - European Storm Petrel
Mullarney et al. 2000 - (European) Storm-petrel
Beaman & Madge 1998 - European Storm-petrel
AOU 1998 - European Storm-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - British (or European) Storm-petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - European Storm-petrel
Harrison 1987 - British Storm-petrel
Harrison 1983 - British Storm-petrel
AOU 1957 - Storm Petrel
(17) Polynesian/White-throated Storm-Petrel (Nesofregetta fuliginosa)
The description 'white-throated' would fit Hornby's and White-faced Storm-Petrel (Pelagodroma marina). Although I haven't looked at it carefully, 'Polynesian' seems a reasonable approximation of the known range.
Silcock 2008 - Polynesian (White-throated) Storm-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Polynesian Storm-Petrel
Clements 2007 - Polynesian Storm-Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Polynesian Storm Petrel
Brooke 2004 - White-throated Storm Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Polynesian (White-throated) Storm-petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - White-throated or Polynesian Storm-petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Polynesian Storm-petrel
Harrison 1987 - White-throated Storm-Petrel
Harrison 1983 - White-throated Storm-petrel
(18) Hornby's/Ringed Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma hornbyi)
Although attractive and distinctive, 'Hornby' is an honorific for a British Admiral who's brother was a prominent zoologist. As far as I can tell, Admiral Hornby had no actual connection to the storm-petrel, although it is possible that it was collect by a ship belonging to his squadron. I believed 'Ringed' refers to the narrow collar but on that grounds the same name might be applied to Polynesian Storm-Petrel. See the useful discussion on this by the South American Checklist Committee
Remsen et al. 2008 - Ringed Storm-Petrel
Silcock 2008 - Ringed (Hornby's) Storm-Petrel
Onley & Scofield 2007 - Hornby's Storm-petrel
Clements 2007 - Ringed Storm-Petrel
Gill & Wright 2006 - Hornby's Storm Petrel
Brooke 2004 - Hornby's Storm Petrel
Jaramillo 2003 - Hornby's (Ringed) Storm-Petrel
AOU 1998 - Ringed Storm-Petrel
Enticott & Tipling 1997 - Hornby's (or Ringed) Storm-petrel
del Hoyo 1992 - Hornby's Storm-petrel
Harrison 1987 - Hornby's Storm-petrel
Harrison 1983 - Hornby's Storm-petrel
AOU 1957 - Hornby's Petrel
Murphy 1936 - Hornby's Petrel
As I said, this is an informal survey and I freely acknowledge that there likely to be errors, omissions and personnel perceptions. Further guidance would be warmly received.
Key Citations:
-- American Ornithologists Union (2008) The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds, Seventh Edition & supplements. On-line.
-- American Ornithologists Union (1998) The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds, Seventh Edition. Allen Press, Inc.
-- American Ornithologists Union (1957) The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds, Fifth Edition. The Lord Baltimore Press, Inc.
-- Austin, J., Bretagnolle, V. and Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for the systematics of the little-audubon's shearwater complex. Auk 121(3): 847-864.
-- Beaman, M. and Madge, S. (1998) The Handbook of Bird Identification for Europe and the Western Palearctic. Princeton University Press.
-- Brooke, M. (2004) Albatrosses and Petrels across the World. Oxford University Press.
-- Clements, J.F. (2007) The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th edition). Cornell University Press.
-- del Hoyo, J. et al. (1992) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions. [HBW]
-- Enticott, J. & Tipling, D. (1997) Seabirds of the World: the complete reference. Stackpole Books.
-- Gill, F. and Wright, M. (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Princeton University Press
-- Harrison, P. (1987) A Field Guide to Seabirds of the World. Stephen Green Press.
-- Harrison, P. (1983) Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin.
-- Heather, B.D. & Robertson, H.A. (1997) The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Oxford University Press.
-- Howell, S.N.G., and Webb, S. (1995) The Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press.
-- Inskipp, T., Lindsay, N., and Duckworth, W. (1996) An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region. Oriental Bird Club.
-- Jaramillo, A. (2003) Birds of Chile. Princeton University Press.
-- Marchant, S. and Higgins, P. J. (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. [HANZAB]
-- Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterstrom, D, and Grant P.J. (2000) Collins Bird Guide. Collins.
-- Murphy, R. C. (1936) Oceanic Birds of South America. The Macmillan Company.
-- National Geographic Society (2002) Field Guide to Birds of North America - Fourth Edition. National Geographic.
-- Onley, D. and Scofield, P. (2007) Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World. Christopher Helm/Princeton University Press.
-- Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 2008. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union.
-- Sangester, G., Collinson, J.M., Helbig, A.J., Knox, A.J. and Parkin, D.T. (2005) Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: third report. Ibis 147 (4), 821–826.
-- Shirihai, H. (2008) The Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife. Princeton University Press.
-- Sibley, D. A. (2000) National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A Knopf.
-- Silcock, R. (2008) Birds of the Pacific: A Birder's Checklist. www.rosssilcock.com
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